Explaining the Concept of Homeostasis Essay

The actual word homeostasis means â€Å"steady state†. Homeostasis describes how the body regulates its process to keep its internal conditions as stable as possible. Homeostasis is necessary because human cells are efficient but very demanding. The phrase homeostasis is a bit confusing; conditions inside our bodies are not constant but are kept within a narrow range. Some factors such as temperature and blood PH change slightly while others such as blood glucose very considerably throughout a normal day without producing any harmful effects. A brief description of homeostasis is that it is maintenance of a constant internal environment in response to a change in external environment. Negative feed makes sure that as levels return to normal, corrective mechanisms are scaled down, it’s when the body maintains conditions within particular limits, and the body will do this by opposing a change that deviates from the normal, core temperature falls. Core temperature rises, d rop detected by hypothalamus. Brain sends signals to the body that brings out shivering and vasoconstriction. Temperature turns to normal. Normal body temperature: 36.9c Rise detected by hypothalamus. Brain sends signals to body that brings out sweating and vasodilatation. Negative feedback comes when an important variable, sometimes known as a key variable such as the pH of blood and tissue fluid.Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a constant internal environment in response to changes in the external environment. Homeostatic mechanisms are for regulating; body temperature, blood glucose, heart rate and breathing rate. Regulating the internal environment of a human is achieved by negative feedback; this is a constant process. Conditions within the body changes and receptors detect that change; receptors are found in the skin, around vital organs and the hypothalamus. This information of change that is detected by the receptors are then passed to the control centre in the hypothalamus which monitors the changes, when the change in environment fall too far outside the normal range of values the negative feedback response begins. The control cent re signals an effecter to take  action that will return the system back to its ‘normal’ state. An example of homeostasis taking place is when a human goes into a cold environment, conditions change internally; the skin, a receptor will detect the change and cold blood will pass to the control centre, hypothalamus. The hypothalamus then monitors this change and signals the effectors if the internal environment goes below minimum core temperature for cells to work properly; thirty-five Degrees Celsius, anything below can be very dangerous. The effectors will heat the body temperature up, making hairs stand up to trap air to create insulation, sweat secretion is reduce so less cooling of the body and blood vessels constrict which reduces the amount of blood near the surface of the skin so the blood can heat up. All of these effectors enable the human body to go back to its normal state. The opposite example of this is if a human does exercise, every time the muscles, receptor contract, energy is produce which is transformed into heat. Heat from muscles then moves to the blood which circulates throughout the body which makes temperature rise. When you are exercising different changes occur in the body to try and deal with the change in the environment and the reaction that occurs in the body. I will also explain the homeostatic mechanisms when someone exercises. Homeostasis is for the process of the body to maintain a relatively consistent internal state. The nervous system sends and receives signals about temperature, hydration, blood pressure and much more factors. The endocrine system carries chemical messengers to adjust bodily functions. During forms of exercise, the body’s internal environment is altered and placed under a considerable amount of stress. Through homeostatic feedback mechanisms, the body is able to maintain a healthy internal environment and quickly return to normal after exercise ends. These homeostatic mechanisms respond to exercise with changes in the heart rate, respiration, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide clearance, pulse rate, blood pressure and body temperature. During exercise, the body requires more oxygen and smooth removal of care dioxide. To meet this, the respiratory system responds by changes in breathing rate. The cardiovascular system modifies heart rate, blood pressure and capillary beds to maintain body temperature around 37 degrees and blood pressure roughly around 120/80mmhg. The probable homeostatic responses to changes in the internal environment during exercise  to the heart rate, your body’s working muscles require additional stores of oxygen to help feed their energy requirements. The body receives oxygen from the lungs and transmits it to your muscles through your bloodstream. The heart controls the flow of blood throughout the body and your heart rate is a factor of that flow. D1. Blood glucose  the glucose in your blood (also known as blood sugar, and another form of carbohydrate in your body) can sometimes be used as an energy source to make ATP. During exercise your body prefers to maintain your blood glucose levels by several different actions rather than use it for energy. Actions such as increased levels of epinephrine, glucagon and cortisol that get released in your body during exercise act to maintain your blood glucose levels through special pathways in the liver and also encourage your muscles to use more glucose (which is good because you can keep working out!). Sometimes though, if you fail to eat correctly before your workout or have low muscle glycogen levels (because you’re not eating right in the several hours after exercise), you may experience drops in your blood glucose levels that make you feel tired, shaky, cold, irritable and unable to exercise any longer. Some of the key factors that dictate if your blood sugars will crash or not include: The timing of your last meal before your workout (when).  The composition of your last meal before your workout (what). How your body responded to food you ate before your workout (how). When and what you ate in the hours following your last workout. If you wait too long after your last meal or snack to exercise, you’re more likely to experience drops in your blood sugar levels because they’re already feeling weak and require food to be maintained. This results in a major drop in exercise performance. If somebody remains in the cold temperatures for a long period of time, the thermostat homeostasis mechanisms may fail and you could develop hypothermia. Hypothermia is when your body temperature drops beyond below the standard temperature needed for your body to function accurately without any inner body catastrophes. When your body temperature reaches a certain point below the norm, usual actions can’t work, including homeostasis. When your body is put in a certain situation for too long your internal environment may begin to shut down, leaving your body vulnerable. Unless immediate action is taken to bring the homeostasis back to normal you will die. The same thing would happen if your body was exposed to extreme heat for any long periods of time. For the metabolic system to continue to occur in the body cells need a constant supply of glucose. Glucose is a carbohydrate, and is the most important simple sugar in human metabolism. Blood sugar levels should be maintained at around 90mg of glucose per 100ml of blood. If blood glucose levels rise, insulin is released into the blood. Insulin is one of many hormones that help the body turn the food we eat into energy. Also, insulin helps us store energy that we can use later. After we eat, insulin works by causing sugar (glucose) to go from the blood into our body’s cells to make fat, sugar, and protein. When we need more energy between meals, insulin will help us use the fat, sugar, and protein that we have stored. Insulin is produced by our own insulin that is made in the pancreas gland or taken by injection.

Angle of Repose – Summary

Jordan Pye 8-12-11 Angle of Repose Written by Wallace Stegner, Angle of Repose won the Pulitzer Prize in 1972. Based on the letters written by Mary Hallcock Foote, the inspiration to Stengner’s character, Susan Ward, Stegner writes about a man, Lyman Ward, who has developed a bone crippling disease and has become dependent on others to assist him on his mission to discover his grandmother’s journey to Grass Valley. To accomplish this, Lyman went through a vast amount of letters and placed them in order of occurrence.His grandmother, Susan Burling Ward, had embarked on a journey of a lifetime with, her husband, Oliver Ward; on which they encountered many new hardships as they pioneered the West. Like many great quests, it leads him unfathomably into the murky shadows of his own life. Although people are not perfect and may face difficult circumstances in life, the noble character traits of Oliver and Susan enabled them to overcome their adversities. Born and raised in Ne w York, Susan was well educated, a fine writer, and a good painter. On the other hand, Oliver was stalwart, gifted, stoic, but most importantly, was worthy as a husband and provider.Leaving New York to pioneer the New Frontier, Susan was hoping that they would someday return as successes to reunite with her old friends. Beginning their journey in New Almaden, Oliver successfully acquired a job as a mine engineer. Also, Susan was getting a chance to be a writer for Scribner’s magazine. Lyman tells it was a time of true happiness. When an incident occurred between a fellow employee, Tregoning, and their boss, Mr. Kendall, Oliver was asked to perform a job that went against his principles and thus quit. Although he quit, Susan was delighted that he left his job than to keep it and do something immoral.While Oliver was out of work, Susan offered to use her freelance earnings to support them while he searched for a job. Refusing, he sent her to stay with friends in Santa Cruz whil e he looked for employment in San Diego. Susan and Oliver displayed admirable traits in New Almaden even though it meant that harder times were to follow. Next, when Oliver and Susan moved to Leadville, Oliver informed Susan that he would be gone a great deal of the time at the mine. Trying to be strong, she countered and said that she had book illustrations to keep her busy.Shortly after arriving, she met Frank Sergeant, Oliver’s assistant, and was impressed by his excellent looks, and wanted to draw him. As she tried to adjust to life in Leadville, she was coddled by Frank Sergeant, who went to her house every morning to build her a fire, chop and carry wood, burn her trash, run errands for her, and take her horseback riding. At the beginning of Book 5, Michoacan, Lyman revealed why he wrote about his grandparents. He explained how his mother died when he was two and how his father was â€Å"a silent and difficult man,† therefore, he was raised by his grandparnets.Wa rd recalled a time when he had to write a report on Mexico for an assignment, and his grandmother, Susan, told of her time in Michoacan. She greatly preferred it, because of its history and culture, to any of the mining camps. It was apparent to Oliver that he had given his wife an enjoyable experience. Lastly, although Oliver and Susan were similar in many ways, they had many differences as well. In an illustrative incident, Oliver was in town really late one night trying to discuss a project with a group of potential investors. When they refused his offer, he became drunk.Not knowing where he was, Susan ventured out to look for him. Upon finding him, she was concerned about helping him, not realizing that he was drunk. Finally figuring he was drunk, she became incredibly upset with him and with the news that he had failed to obtain investors, Susan demanded Oliver to sleep outside. When Lyman and his assistant, Shelly, came to this part, Lyman related the departure of his wife, El len, to when Susan took the children to Vancouver Island. During the same time, Oliver led a survey party to Jackson Hole, Wyoming.As a result, Lyman felt similar pain to Susan after Oliver left. An additional crisis that they faced in Mesa was because Oliver was so busy with the canal, he left important paper work about property to one Mr. Burns and consequently, he lost the property. Although irate at first, the two of them surmounted the mistake and moved on. Both, Susan and Oliver, had different ways of handling their adversities, but in the end, they always forgave each other. The metaphor angle of repose means it is the slope at which dirt stops sliding downhill and stays put.An example of the metaphor was Oliver Ward digging trenches†¦ first as a mining engineer, then as an irrigation engineer, and the dirt kept on falling back into the trench, making his work that much harder. Finally, he found a way to work without having the dirt back fall on top of him. When Lyman Wa rd was at Zodiac Cottage, he hoped to be able to relate the pieces of his life together the same way his grandparents did- meeting the challenges of the present by making something new out of the substance of their old lives.The story of Susan Burling Ward was really the story of her marriage and her life as a frontier/mining wife who faced hardship after hardship, disappointment after disappointment as her husband struggled to make a living in a rough, competitive world without compromising his integrity. Even though Oliver and Susan Ward had many differences, in times of misfortune, they put their differences aside and worked together.

Event planning for Asian Market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Event planning for Asian Market - Research Paper Example In order to promote themselves, several industries, charitable organizations and interests groups have resorted to holding events. This measure is also adopted by those who desire to reinforce business associations, raise money or just celebrate (slideshare, 2013). The Legendary Palace is a Chinese dim sum restaurant. It has the capacity to accommodate 500 members at a time. Prior to become a restaurant, it had been used as a night club, garment factory, book store and rooming house. The Legendary Palace is located in the bay area of California. It was constructed in 1917 and it has become a historical land mark of that place. Hospitality services tend to be intricate. They fulfil social affiliation and self-identity needs, and generate vast opportunities for differentiation. Several products are simple and necessitate performance to a technical norm. As such event management is a novel procedure that requires creativity and innovation.The customer should feel happy and comfortable, during these events. As such, customer satisfaction should be highest priority of event management. In general, there will be no issues for a land mark hotel like the Legendary Palace, with regard to conducting a wedding on a grand scale. However, due to competition, this hotel has to adopt novel practices and procedures to make it a memorable occasion for the Asian customers. This research will identify the problems if any, with the management of a wedding event in the Legendary Palace. Finally recommendations will be provided for the improvement of procedures of the wedding event for Asian customers. I have made a thorough research with regard to the event management of s wedding in a land mark hotel, such as the Legendary Palace. To this end, I perused many books and articles for retrieving the necessary information. I have consulted online libraries for the extant literature on the topic. Moreover, I have

Problem and solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Problem and solution - Essay Example With the advent of mechanized way of life, man has begun to rely on machines and physical activity has declined significantly. In addition to that, the urge to make money and succeed has increased the time in value manifolds. Man has to rush to keep everything going smooth and there is hardly any time left for such activities as cooking or exercise. In such circumstances, junk food seem the most appropriate option to go for since it provides with taste and luxury and above all saves time otherwise consumed in cooking and dish-washing. Besides, junk food has become a necessary part of a luxurious life-style so people specially youngsters fancy junk food. Not only this, the general life-style of the modern age has increased human interaction with technology. Children used to devote sufficient time to outdoor games that helped build their physique and keep them smart in the past. Nowadays, there is so much to explore in the computer world, that children can not manage to find time for o utdoor activities. Also, importance of the use of computer can not be underestimated since it is essential in order to remain at par with the changing trends of the modern world. People keep sitting in front of a screen net-surfing for hours and hours and ultimately, put on weight. Long story short, modern life-style has minimized physical exertion for many and that is the fundamental reason of the wide-spread obesity among people of all age. All of these factors have specially caused youngsters to put on weight. Obesity is a growing concern particularly among the youth. This is because junk food is the most fundamental cause of obesity and is the most popular among the youngsters. However, obesity can be developed at any age starting from early childhood to old-age. Men and women are equally susceptible to obesity and both genders can be affected by obesity in their own ways. Women are particularly afraid of

Mandatory Sentencing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Mandatory Sentencing - Research Paper Example The paper tells that crime does not pay. We can seldom argue with this premise, and the need to inculcate this idea among the local populace of our cities and towns. However there is also a fear that in our zest to single out and punish those who are guilty of crimes against society and humanity, we are creating situations where too many people are behind bars. Indeed the rate of incarcerations in the USA is one of the highest in the world, which is shameful for a country that considers itself the world’s foremost superpower and protector of human rights. Mandatory sentencing has been cited as one of the reasons behind the overpopulation in our prisons, creating situations where crime is further exacerbated by the formation of gangs, hardcore and small time criminals being grouped together, and the fact that some criminals are in need of medical attention rather than a life of incarceration that does not remedy their particular situation or suit their particular needs. Mandato ry sentencing is a form of judicial punishment in which the terms and duration of the punishment have already been set in Law depending on the crimes committed and the charges filed and proven against the accused law breaker. This being the case, there is usually no or little room for a judge to intervene and set his own ruling depending on the individual circumstances of the case. Originally the need for mandatory sentencing was seen in cases of drug dealing and related offences. But later the effect of mandatory sentencing minimums was extended to gun related crimes as well, as they initially proved an effective deterrent to crime. However as we shall see much of the initial laws have been repealed and the sentencing reduced on humanitarian grounds. Even today, the debate rages on as to whether mandatory minimums still have a place and effect in law or not. There is much to support both points of view, as we shall see. The History and Uses of Mandatory Sentencing In the USA it was the 1951 Boggs Act that started the Federal mandatory minimum penalties for drug trafficking. The length of some of these sentences was then increased in 1956. However the comprehensive reforms of the 1970 Drug Abuse and Control Act repealed the earlier Boggs Acts. This was followed by the enactment of the Rockefeller Drug Laws in 1973 which helped establish minimum 15 year and life sentences for various kinds of drug offences. Obviously the intent would have been to get the offenders off the streets for a considerable amount of time and in doing so make it safer for the targeted population. Laws such as Michigan’s 650 Lifer Law took a much harder stance on drug offences and established a minimum of life imprisonment without possibility of parole for possession and dealing with 650 grams of drugs such as cocaine and heroin- it also increased the penalties for smaller offences. In 1984, the Comprehensive Crime Control Act resulted in the creation of a U.S Sentencing Commissio n. It also phased out parole and set mandatory sentences for gun related crimes. Two years later, in 1986 the Anti-Drug Abuse Act creates new federal minimum mandatory sentences for drug related offences. One year later, in 1987 the US Sentencing Commission enacted some guidelines to help the Courts in convicting and sentencing all federal drug related offences. In 1988, the Omnibus Drug Abuse Act not only added a mandatory minimum penalty for the possession of crack but also included conspiracy convictions in the mandatory penalty scheme. This has had little positive effects on the system since ruthless drug dealers do not care who they choose to carry out their dirty schemes to transport drugs across borders and it could often be an unwary traveler that has been trapped for no fault of his own except

British Campaign of 1812 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

British Campaign of 1812 - Essay Example The war of 1812 between the U.S. and British Empire (Great Britain, Upper Canada- Ontario, Lower Canada-Quebec, Nova Scotia, Newfound land, and Bermuda) has started in June 18, 1812 and ended in December 24, 1814 officially though the unofficial records shown that the war ended only in March 23, 1815. On 19 August, a British force landed at the mouth of the Patuxent River. By 24 August they had marched north and captured Washington, almost without a fight. The British sat down at a captured White House banquet and, after a pleasant dinner, set fire to the White House and much of the city in retaliation for the American burning of a number of small villages in Upper Canada, contrary to an earlier agreement. On the morning of 13 September, British warships began the bombardment of Fort McHenry. The Bombardment failed to shake the defenders of Fort McHenry. The British completed their withdrawal on 15 September1. Baltimore was next on the schedule, but that city had been given time to prepare its defenses. A rather formidable line of redoubts covered the land approach; the harbor was guarded by Fort McHenry and blocked by a line of sunken gunboats. On September 13 a spirited engagement fought by Maryland militia, many of whom had run at Bladensburg just two weeks before, delayed the invaders and caused considerable loss, including General Ross, who was killed. When the fleet failed to reduce Fort McHenry, the assault on the city was called off. The burning of Washington marked a turning point in the war. The image of their capital in flames had the effect of rallying Americans to a spirited defense of their country, and the British were soon turned back in their attempts to capture the city of Baltimore. America won a great victory in their defense of Fort McHenry–the battle which was the inspiration to onlooker Francis Scott Keys poem, "The Star Spangled Banner," which would become t he lyrics to Americas National Anthem. The British attacks in

Country analysis by 17 criteria Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Country analysis by 17 criteria - Coursework Example The second criterion involves population growth. It can be scrutinized that population growth in Argentina in 2013 stood at 0.90% whereby the growth of Argentina population created a wider market for UNIQLO products. The third criteria entail the rate of unemployment in Argentina which stood at 7.50%. This means that higher unemployment rate subjected UNIQLO to incur higher cost of labour in the production of Apparel and footwear industry (Encyclopaedia, 2013). The forth demographic criteria entail income distribution which stood at a weight of 46.30% in 2013. This means that as the income distribution increases among Argentina population, more people could manage to buy more apparel and footwear products and hence leading to an increase in sales volume and profitability of UNIQLO Company (Arnold, 2011). The fifth criteria entail Argentina population demographics of people between the ages of 15 to 64 years. It can be observed that the Argentina population of people between the ages of 15-64 years increased to 36897.8 whereby, most people at this age are financially independent and could afford to buy UNQLO products. The sixth criteria involved urban population which stood at 38517. An increase in urban population caused the demand of apparel product by urban population to increase and consequently making the sale units made by UNQLO Company to rise (International Monetary Fund, 2013). The seventh criterion entails GDP (purchasing power parity); the Argentina population in 2013 was 977983, the higher the GDP means that the economy of Argentina was performing exceptionally well which in turn created a higher demand for Apparel and footwear products. Under the eighth criteria, the real growth rate in Argentina stood at 3%. This means the rate of growth of GDP from one year to another changed at the rate of 3%. The higher

DNA Repair Mechanisms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DNA Repair Mechanisms - Research Paper Example The optical density of the culture was maintained at 540 nm. The cultures were then exposed to different levels of UV-C, and were subsequently added to prewarmed ST medium. It was then incubated in the dark at 80Â °C with shaking. To determine which cells were viable, irradiated and control samples were grown in GT medium, diluted using the same medium, and plated in the dark on 0.8% (wt/vol) Gelrite (Kelco) GT plates with pH = 3.0. The plates were placed in a humid chamber with a temperature of 80Â °C for approximately 5 days, and colonies were counted. Meanwhile, growth rates were determined by spectrophotometric analysis at 540 nm of at least seven independent cultures grown in liquid, and generation times were calculated using Prizm 4.0 software. To visualize chromosomal damage, 4 x 109 suspended cells (optical density at 540 nm of 0.2 to 0.4) exposed to UV were obtained at 2-4 hours from the culture, and were treated with proteinase K and SfiI. The treated cell solutions were run using pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with a buffer temperature of 14Â °C. with gels made of 1% agarose, 0.5xx TBE (9 mM Tris, 9 mM boric acid, 0.2 mM EDTA), and with running parameters of 24 h at 5.5 V/cm using a 120o included angle with switch times of 60 to 120 s. The gels were stained using ethidium bromide and, chromosome repair was measured using GeneTools quantification software, with the untreated sample designated as 100% repair. Finally, using PCR as well as gene and protein analysis, the sequences of the three strains were compared. Gene expression was then analyzed using RNA isolation, cDNA preparation, and qRT-PCR. The strains react differently to the varying amounts of UV irradiation. Upon the assessment of colony formation on solid medium, at the lowest UV dose (100 mJ/cm2), all three strains demonstrated resistance, with the highest survival rate recorded from strain 98/2 (23%, as compared to P2-A and P2-B, which had 11% and 13%, respectively). On the oth er hand, P2B was the most sensitive to 200 mJ/cm2, displaying 5- to 7-fold-lower survival than the other two strains, while 98/2 was the most sensitive at 300 mJ/cm2. Next, the growth rate after UV exposure was determined. Normally, and at 100 mJ/cm2, 98/2 grew the fastest, although exposure to UV, despite using the lowest dose, resulted to a decreased growth rate for all the strains. On the other hand, both P2A and P2B regrew faster than 98/2 after exposure to 200 and 300 mJ/cm2. Despite differences in growth rates, the growth levels achieved for negative controls achieved the same levels as the UV-exposed set-ups. Upon SfiI digestion and PFGE, inherent differences in the genomic sequences of these three strains were seen. In UV-protected set-ups, P2A, 98/2 and P2B had two, three and four distinct digest fragments, respectively, which means that there are sequence disparities among the strains. After irradiation, double-strand break formation, seen as lower molecular weight smears at the bottom of the gel, was present for all the strains, with most breaks and slowest acute (50%) repair rate observed from P2B. Overall, however, 98/2

Classroom Management article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Classroom Management article - Essay Example The article posits that contrary to popular belief, effective teacher-student relationship has less to do with a teacher's personality and more to do with specific teacher behavior that includes dominance, cooperation and an awareness of high-need students. Appropriate Levels of Dominance. Dominance is not a negative characteristic, but implies a teacher's ability to, "provide clear purpose and strong guidance". In fact most students, when surveyed preferred such teachers over more permissive ones. Cooperation. Teachers and students need to work together as one team. Allowing students to set their own goals and asking for their suggestions creates a sense of involvement and sends the message that the teacher, "cares about and tries to accommodate students' interests". Although in a position of authority, the teacher must remain approachable to students both within and outside the classroom. Awareness of High-need Students. Studies have shown that as many as 12 to 22 percent of students suffer from some sort of mental or emotional strain. The average teacher is neither equipped nor trained to deal with such students, who can be a disruptive influence. An awareness of this fact, coupled with a few simple techniques can go a long way in maintaining effective classroom management. The paper identifies the various types of high needs students, their characteristics, and the strategies that c

Consulting Methodology Essay Example for Free

Consulting Methodology Essay Consultant Approach Quickly understanding problems, gathering relevant data, and synthesizing insightful results The Minto Pyramid Principle A set of rules that helps create groups in a way that is logical and structured. Groups help you communicate easily to others. Process that identifies issues, designs research, analysis, and communication Way of sorting data to compartmentalize complex details and organize info Only effective if you have a clear idea of what the issue or question is. Ideas should be top-down, with lower levels supporting upper levels. Avoid more than 3 categories (hard to remember). Sub-ideas = grouped as well. Consulting Process and Context Problem Definition Key issues are developed using a Situation-Complication-Question (SCQ) analysis The key issue is the client’s most pressing need.   A situation statement is a non-controversial description of stable conditions. A complication statement is what altered the stable situation and created the problem. The key question is the question implicitly raised by the complication statements. Step 1: Ask Probing Questions Get to the essence of the issue. Ask â€Å"Why?† and look for effects that may be masquerading as causes. Causal relationships can be very difficult to decipher. Take note of body language and subtext. Find evidence and document all of the answers. Step 2: Sort and Group Info Use the Pyramid Principle to join ideas. Start by grouping similar ideas. Then, summarize each group with a heading sentence. Sort each heading sentence into situation, complication, or question. Repeat these steps with all of the data. Step 3: Determine Key Objective There is only one key question. From the SCQ, determine the key question. It should be the natural question that is a logical progression from each of the complications. The overarching issue Framing the Key Question Can be as important as determining the question itself The form is dependent on what types of complications exist. Different frames will provide a different â€Å"lens† for the question. After determining the type, restate in a closed format; answered with YES or NO. Refrain from positioning one solution over another, unless complications explicitly require it. Make sure the question is broad enough (neither too specific nor too in-depth) to cover all of the relevant and related sub-questions Approach Issue Analysis Uses the Minto Pyramid Principle, which structures idea. Issues Analysis structures the analysis of a problem using questions. Issues Analysis is used to structure the questions that must be addressed to answer the key question. Step 1: Identify All Sub-Questions What other information is required to answer the key question. Use the closed question format and be stated in a positive-yes format. Step 2: Sort and Group Questions Use the Pyramid Principle to help connect questions. Step 3: Build the Issues Tree Reflect what your brain has already done and the work you’ve already completed. To begin, put the key question at the top of the tree. Underneath the key question, write down each of the heading questions at the same level. For each of the heading questions, add sub-questions at the next level. No need to have more than four levels of questions. Step 4: Test for MECE * There are 2 qualifications. ME = Mutually Exclusive and means questions are not similar to each other. CE = Collectively Exhaustive means you have covered all important questions and is comprehensive. Step 5: List Tasks for Getting Evidence Identifying the tasks that need to be completed to answer the sub-questions. At the lowest level of each part of the Issues Tree, determine what needs to be done to answer the lowest level question. If all of the lowest level questions can be answered, the questions above can also be answered, since each question is in a closed, positive-yes format. This means that work does not need to be repeated or added later on in the process. Work Plan Way to keep track of multiple projects. Knowing the scope of the work can help define (or redefine) content. Help clarify whether there are issues to address. Makes it easy to assign work. F our-step process: Rotate the Issues Tree Rotate the Issues Tree 90 degrees counterclockwise with the key issue on the left and as you move to the right, questions will get more and more detailed. On the far right will be the list of activities and tasks. Determine Resources Needed Establish the duration of each task and what will be needed and then assign. Align Work Plan with Resources Create a high-level work plan including designate resources. Include the individual tasks, which people are assigned to each task, and how long each task will take to complete. There are three basic elements of a work plan that determine scope: activities or tasks, resources, and a timing or project schedule. Define and Request Client Support Revisit important issues with the client. It will become clear what additional resources are needed and why. Because each resource is linked to an activity, and each activity is tied to an explicit question, requests for more time, people, or information are very easy to validate. Data Gathering and Analysis Primary and Secondary Research Equally important. Secondary is mining existing data. Important because it can be validated by multiple sources and supporting details. Beneficial because it uses different pieces of data to draw conclusions without emotional bias. Primary data gathered through interviews and is important because it includes nonverbal signals. Interview Techniques Not merely asking the right questions. 4 step process. Plan Interview and Define Objectives Important to know three things about finding the appropriate source for an interview: Who knows the answer to the questions? Who is willing to answer the questions? And who will be a credible source? Contact a large number of people. Call back if a subject is unavailable; it is more effective than leaving a message. Allow for additional time. Conduct background research on interviewees. Prepare a Script Execute the Interview Introduction: introduce self and state the purpose of the interview. Core: ask the questions you’ve prepared. Closing: Thank the interviewee and allow for them to ask questions. Record and Summarize Findings and Recommendations Presentations Convert the Issues Tree to an Outline Replace Each Question with a Statement Build the Presentation Slides Each phrase that answers a question will be the top line of the slide and findings will take up the rest of the slide. At the end of the presentation slide, repeat the first slide of the key issue and heading questions with an answer to reiterate the primary message When to disclose the â€Å"answer†? Can provide answer at the beginning of the presentation so that the audience is immediately aware. Or hold the answer until the end so the conclusion seems inevitable. Answer at the beginning when the audience already understands the situation, agreement is likely, and the audience is impatient. Answer at the end when the audience is unfamiliar with the facts, the conclusions are controversial, and the audience is detail-oriented and story-motivated. Ensures agreement and make the conclusion viewed as objective and inevitable. Framework and Tools Client Profiling Tool used to rapidly get up to speed with new clients. First step is understanding the client’s strategic direction, which is classified as either goals or objectives. Objectives are broad and describe general direction, are intangible, abstract, non-measurable. Goals are narrower and specific, concrete, tangible, measurable, with deadlines. Scope of the project is important in outlining what work your team will and won’t be expected to complete. To create the scope, you need to think carefully about what sorts of opportunities and threats the client is facing. Understand what the client is and isn’t willing to do. Business and Customers: start with examining the basic client business, the geographic area, financial status, recent news. Examine the value chain to analyze what the client does. Use the buying criteria to understand how customers interact with what the client is offering. The buying criteria are a number of things about a product that impact if the customer will choose it. Anything that is essential in order to have customers is called a â€Å"must have†. If a feature is something that changes a customer’s mind is called â€Å"differentiating†. Features that are interesting but may not be willing to pay for are called â€Å"nice to have†. Marketing Mix: help determine the best combination of marketing for customer awareness and loyalty. Called The Four P’s: Product, Place, Promotion, Price. The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix: analyzes how product investment should be managed. Stars need added investment to maintain and can be potentially bring added profit. Question Marks may need more investment to succeed or should be divested. Dogs should be divested to invest in more profitable markets. Cows make excellent margins and don’t need more investment. Sources of Competitive Advantage: 3 types: Scale advantage means being larger than most competitors and manifests when a company creates standard products and can come from different sources like cost leadership, efficiency, economies of scale, market share, etc. Differentiation advantage is when the company has a premium because of value that is created by products that are unique. Creates an industry environment or imperfect competition in favor of client (example: Apple). Unique Access advantage is when the company reaches customers that others can’t or has resources others don’t; leads to price premium and imperfect competition. Macro and Industry Insight Need to understand the environment the client is working in. Generate insight around which forces drive client behavior. PESTEL analysis: examines the macro forces and trends beyond the immediate competitive landscape. Quick reference for drivers. 5 Forces Analysis: Porter is an MECE way to approach any industry and provide a quick litmus test for attractiveness. 5 forces are: supplier power, buyer power, threat of substitutes, barriers to entry and competitive rivalry. Magnitude and direction of each force will indicate attractiveness. If buyer power is high the result for the firms is negative and the industry is less attractive. If supplier power is high, the result for the firms is negative and the industry is less attractive. If competitive rivalry is high the result for each firm is negative and the industry is less attractive. If threat of substitutes is high, the result for each firm is negative and the industry is less attractive. If threat of new entrants is high (in other words, there are many barriers to entry) the force’s impact is dependent on what type of player the client is. If the client is an established player, having high barriers to entry is a positive force. If the client is a potential new entrant, high barriers to entry are negative and the industry is less attractive to enter, but more attractive to stay in. SWOT: only tool for examining a company directly. Competitor Analysis Usual and unusual competitors. Usual competitors are easy to recognize; they have a similar offering and/or target a similar market to serve the same needs. Unusual competitors are harder to find and come from lots of different sources; any competitor that is not usual. Professional Behavior and Ethics Maintaining Professionalism The goal of being a Trusted Advisor is to do business ethically, lawfully and collaboratively through an unwavering dedication to the highest standards of professional conduct. The ability to behave professionally establishes credibility in the client’s eyes. Exhibiting Interpersonal Skills Establishing and Honoring Agreements Successfully establishing and honoring agreements gives consultants integrity Take Action To integrate these skills into your daily routine, find a list of action items to start first thing on Monday morning. Practice sorting and grouping the elements of your daily e-mails, do an SCQ and issues analysis for a company you find interesting, and work hard to demonstrate integrity and credibility in any work that you do.

Social Impacts on Child Health

Social Impacts on Child Health ‘In the 21st Century social, economic and environmental factors are more important than biological disorders as causes of poor health in children.’ (HALL 2003) Critically analyse evidence including data drawn from authorised mortality and morbidity statistics to support or refute this statement. Evaluate the potential for success of two Intervention Strategies designed to reduce health inequalities. Introduction/1 Rationale Hall (2003) states, that ‘In the 21st Century social, economic and environmental factors are more important than biological disorders’ with regards to the causes of poor health in children. The report will discuss social, economic and environmental factors first and then move on to biological disorders and weigh up, using statistics and data, which factors are more important to poor health; thus either refuting or agreeing with Hall’s initial statement (Hall, 2003) The second part of the report will evaluate two Intervention Strategies designed to reduce health inequalities. The focus here will be on current concerns on child obesity. Whilst critically evaluating these intervention strategies, healthy eating and yoga will be looked at. The author will further draw in his own experiences from his current setting at a central London primary school. The aim of this report is to review and analyse health data in order to understand those factors leading to inequalities in health with regards to children aged four to five years. There will be a detailed examination of research documentation into inequalities in health from a variety of sectors giving a multi-disciplinary understanding. This report will find and promote health developmental needs of young children and their families within the early year’s curriculum. The report will also explore the inequalities of access to the school curriculum and the wider structural constraints to health in primary schools. It will also give a concept of health education, whilst linking the areas of physical, social and cognitive development. Part 1 Hall (2003) initiated a campaign for the World Health Organisation (WHO), an organisation that formulated in 1948. Hall started this campaign in the Philippines and it is called ‘Health at the Heart of Healing.’ This was a means of initially sustaining awareness and support for ongoing health efforts in the Typhoon Yolanda Corridor. Subsequently other health-related programmes were established. Macleod and Kay (2008, p. 222) agree with WHO(?) that health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Good health can have many benefits and mean many different things but certainly it is more than just the absence of diseases. A growing concern is child health and this will be explored in this report. Below each factor, namely social, economic, environmental and biological factors will be analysed (ref). The next section explains that good health is not just the lack of illnesses, but there are many factors that can affect wellbeing of people. 1.1 Social Factors WHO (2014) states that there are many factors that effects health in individuals. Social factors will be looked at first. Social factors can include parental involvement, family involvement as well as community involvement in a child’s upbringing. Their involvement can either lead to poor health or good health. According to WHO (1947-2012), good health depends on the context of our lives, therefore praising or criticising people for their good or bad health is wrong; most of the factors that contribute towards our health are out of our control (Geraghty, 1991, p.104). This is still very much relevant in 2014. WHO (1989-2012) further defines health as â€Å"a state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing† (WHO, 1948 cited in Macleod and Kay, 2008, p. 222). This is evidence to show that social factors have an extremely important affect children’s health. Research shows that much of the debate around health choices relates to social factors. Macleod and Kay, (2008) consider that the root causes of ill health should be tackled through social and public policy which addresses health inequalities. This is further evidence that social factors are more important to health inequalities in children compared to biological factors. Many things can be learned from having social interactions such as having a good relationship with neighbours. Dupas (2010) agrees that social factors are important as social learning leads to increased adoption of social norms. Adelman et al. (2009), agrees that households learn about the quality of care available at multiple facilities from their neighbours’ illness experiences; for instance, a neighbour can experiment with a new medicine and where one is unable to have the means of buying that particular medication, one can still learn from observing the neighbour. This shows and supports the ideas of Dupas (2010). 1.2 Economic Factors The main course of economic inequality is outlined in the Black Report (1980). This report displayed the death rate of men in social class V (Upper class) and social class I (Lower class). The difference of the two was that class V had twice as more deaths rates than class I and it was increasing. This led to an impact on a political thought in the United Kingdom that resulted in an assessment by the Office for Economic Co-Operation and Development and the WHO (2012) of health inequalities. This clearly is evidence to show that peoples’ economic situation has a direct link to their health prospects. It is easily perceived that to have a good standard of healthy living is to live in good quality housing rather than a poor household. The effects on a child in a poor household could be overcrowding, damp, cold and infestations of pests; this will all lead to chronic illnesses, and could even lead to hospitalisation. Research shows that poor educational qualifications and unemployment are linked with poverty and are associated with poor housing. This clearly shows that economic factors can have a serious effect on health, particularly for children as they are growing up in those surroundings. According to Macleod and Kay (2008) poverty is the most vital determiner and the most difficult area that affects health. Macleod and Kay (2008:225) argue that causes of poverty are manifold and can lead to poor qualifications, ill-health, disability, addiction and crime; hence economic factors are very important in the outcome of a child’s health. In addition research shows that parents that are single are at risk of falling into poverty (WHO, 2014; -) which may lead to children from a single parent household being more at risk of poor health (REF). Further evidence to show that economic factors are more important than biological factors in a child’s health can be illustrated through looking at developed countries and developing countries. Often the standard of living and the quality of life in a developed country, such as England, are better than the standard of living in developing countries. This is largely due to economic reasons, such as income and access to health facilities (REF). 1.3 Environmental factors WHO (2014) mentions that health is determined by peoples’ circumstances and their environment. There are many considerable impacts on health, for example the place or area which one lives in, the state of the environment, genetics, income and education level as well as relationships with friends and families (Macleod and Kay, 2008; WHO, 2014). Air pollution which is often a major problem within big cities such as London has an impact on everyone living and working there. Research shows that REF the most vulnerable people affected by air pollution in our cities are children and the elderly. Furthermore, research shows that people living in deprived areas are also more affected by air pollution because often these are the areas that are near the busy roads, which tend to have most exposure to road traffic pollution (REF). Therefore, this is evidence to show that inequalities in health in children are due to environmental factors, which are more important than biological disorders, as argued by Hall (2003). However, other commentators have argued that biological disorders are more important to inequalities of health in children than social, economic and environmental factors. 1.4 Biological Factors The word biological in this report is in reference to inheritance from parent to child. For example, a child has asthma because it is in the genes of parents hence the child inherited the asthma gene. Stewart and Vaterston () Recent research shows that poor health in children resulting to obesity or being overweight is not just a direct link from over eating, poor nutrition or having a poor diet. Research has demonstrated that being overweight is associated with an array of health issues, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Stewart and Vaterston According to the National Cancer Institute (2012), obesity is associated with certain types of cancers, namely cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreatic cancer and post-menopausal breast cancer. This is evidence to show that biological disorders do play a key role in causes of poor health in children. Summary According to all the arguments presented above, it is clear that one cannot dismiss the argument that causes of poor health in children is due to a variety of factors and reasons. Biological disorders do play a role in poor health in children and it is a very important area to look in to however after weighing all the arguments presented, the researcher agree with Halls statement, that in the 21st Century, social, economic and environmental factors are more important than biological disorders with regards to causes of poor health in children. (HALL 2003) Part 2 The second part of this report will look at intervention programmes which tackle inequalities of poor health in children. The National Health Service (NHS) 2013 study looked at English hospital admissions over a 10-year period for obese children and teenagers. It found that hospital admission rates for obesity and obesity-related health problems among children and young people have risen more than fourfold in the last decade, particularly among girls and teenagers. This clearly shows how serious poor care can be. This is a very serious matter which the current government recognises. This is evident by the scheme introduced in September 2013 which aims to help pupils at infant schools in England to get free school lunches. The aim of the scheme is to ensure children get at least one healthy meal a day. The scheme is targeting infants to ensure ‘every child gets the chance in life they deserve.’ The scheme aims to teach healthy eating habits and boost attainment. The following will look at intervention strategies that aim to tackle poor health in children. The report here will focus on obesity; this will be separated into two parts to appreciate the topic more fully: Healthy eating (Children’s packed lunch Appendix 2) Activity: Being fit (Yoga Appendix 3) Healthy Eating Healthy eating is a main concern of the school in question as the borough of the area has recently put forward an investigation into the obesity levels. The school began to be concerned about what is in children’s packed lunches. So, this led to an intervention on educating children about what healthy food is, as well as informing parents (Appendix 2). Obesity is when children are over the healthy weight limit. There are several causes for this which includes: genetic factors, family history, psychological and nutritional factors. Obesity has become an epidemic hence it needs to be tackled at an early stage of a child’s life. 15% of children in this country are considered overweight, which is a dramatic increase from a few decades ago when obesity in children was only 4% (REF). There are many risks from childhood obesity such the risk of heart disease and childhood diabetes. This has led the researcher to create activities to help children to acknowledge how important health should be. The activities are to promote healthy eating with regard to packed lunches. However, the schools lunches are very good using fresh ingredients and a varied selection of foods that children can choose from. School policy requests that children should have a healthy lunch with a balanced selection of healthy food. Although children have school dinners and are eating healthily, the researcher noticed there are still problems with packed lunches. This made the researcher believe that parents should be educated about their children in what they want and should have in their packed lunch. Activity One The Healthy Cafe To gain knowledge of healthy foods the researcher set up a cafe near the home corner (Appendix?). The cafe had a round table, kitchen and variety of fruits. There was a menu created, this is for the customers (children) and there was waiters (children) to take orders (appendix?). The activity was successfully completed over two to three weeks. The parent’s feedback was very good as they commented that their children would favour an apple, pear and water rather than sweets or coke. There was also a change in their packed lunches which led to a new policy in school. Children were no longer to have unhealthy foods and drinks. This was not acceptable for some parents as they had said that, ‘their children will not eat’ so the new policy was withdrawn for three weeks. After this time it was decided that children should bring in a healthy lunch box at least once a week. Macleod and Kay (2008) states that, ‘ill-health or harmful lifestyle choices in childhood can lead to ill-health throughout life, which creates health, financial and social burdens for countries today and tomorrow’. The information inspired the researcher to create a yoga activity, due to having concern for children who suffer diseases from obesity at the school. (Macleod and Kay, 2008, p.226). The healthy eating was an ongoing process but the yoga was only completed once every week as well as involving some parents (appendix?). As Macleod and Kay (2008, p.227) mention, health in childhood determines health throughout life and into the next generation. They go on to say that the period between birth and 5 years and over is the critical age for letting children understand that being healthy can be fun. This was another reason why the researcher chose to introduce yoga, so it can be fun and something the children can enjoy. How health influences children’s learning BBC news (2009) provided information that the number of obese children in the UK has risen dramatically in recent years. The Health Survey for England (Joint Health surveys Unit on behalf of the recent Department of Health, 2012) says that 8.5 per cent of 6-year olds and 15 per cent of 15-year-olds were obese, with others also being overweight. The issue of obesity led the researcher to involve parents to have concern for being fit at home with the children (See appendix ? to see the activity). At the school the researcher found that young children begin to understand more about health and their own bodies through engaging in the above activities, having a balanced diet, healthy eating and learning more about the body in staying fit. This guided researcher to formulate the yoga activity. Taylor and Woods (2005) mention that when children have healthy experiences in a setting where there are opportunities for energetic play, for quiet contemplation and for bodily relaxation they will make better progress. The children will hopefully develop an understanding of how physical activities, food and drink, sleep, safety and hygiene are vital to life. (recent , p.131-251). As physical skills develop, children can also engage in activities like yoga to build their ability to act independently in their environments (Recent,, p.189-248). With more awareness, children are more take greater self-care and consideration to their health as they grow older. It may support young children to be healthier and stay safe. Developing a healthy lifestyle is increasingly important for young children in the 21st century, with greater risks to their wellbeing associated with obesity, junk food, and sedentary lifestyles. (Tickell, 2011, p.44). Activities that support good health should be developed by the children, parents and early year’s professionals concerned, so that all children develop to the highest possible level in terms of health. (recent:P.248). Yogo is one activity that all adults can take part in and encourage young children to get involved in outside of school hours. There are various magazines promoting health, many of these relate specifically to child health matters and play an important role in informing parents about current child health practices and child care issues. The internet also provides a multiplicity of sites and information about child health (recent p.248). 4 Conclusions The important thing that was understood from the assignment in part one is that indeed there are a variety of factors and reasons leading to poor health. Although biological disorders do play a role in poor health in children in the 21st Century, social, economic and environmental factors are more important than biological disorders with regards to causes of poor health in children, as stated by Hall. (2003) The researcher therefore agrees with Halls statement. Part 2 looked at strategies to tackle poor health, namely obesity in young children. The base school found the activities useful to promote and encourage good health in children. 5 Recommendations Practitioners need to work together with parents to reduce the risk of child obesity. They should take a vital role in deciding what food should is suitable for packed lunches and have activities placed in schools to encourage greater care of one’s health. As a Practitioner we can recommend parents to visit their doctors and have regular checkups. Practitioner could recommend a doctor to come in to the school and have a session on healthy living and healthy eating. Bibliography Adelman, Sarah, Timothy Essam and Kenneth L. Leonard (2009). à ¬Idle Chatter or Learning? Evidence of social learning about clinicians and the health system from Rural Tanzania,à ®Social Science and Medicine. 69: 183-190. BBC News (2009). BBC News [online], [Accessed: Dec 23. 2011] Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health > Caroline Mulvihill and Robert Quigley (2003) The Management of Obesity and Overweight. London: Health Development Agency. Carolyn Meggitt (2003) Baby and Child Health. Surry: The Bath Press Dame Clare Tickell. (2011). The Early Years: Foundation for Life, Health and Learning. London. Dupas, Pascaline (2010). à ¬Short-Run Subsidies and Long-Run Adoption of New Health Products: Evidence from a Field Experimentà ®. NBER Working Paper 16298. Macleod I. and Brudenell Janet Kay (2008): Advance Early Years. 2nd Ed. London: Heinemann. Jackie Green and Keith Tones (2010), Health Promotion Planning and Strategies. 2nd Ed: London. Jayne Taylor and Margaret Woods (2005) Early Childhood Studies. 2nd Ed. London: Edward Arnold. Malcolm Hill and Kay Tisdall (1997) Children and Society. London: Personal Educational Limited. Patricia Geraghty. (1991) Caring for Children. 2nd Ed: London: The Alden Press. Penny Tassoni and Kate Beith (1999) Nursery Nursing A Guide to Work in Early Years. U.K: The Bath Press. World Health Organisation, (2014), Who.Int [on-line], http://www.who.int/about/copyright/en/. (Accessed: Jan 1. 2014

Who Is To Blame? :: essays research papers

Throughout the Elizabethan Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet there have been key people responsible for the two young lovers' deaths. The main reasons for the death of these two fine individuals may be found on the consciences of the people surrounding them both. It may also be the feud. between their families, and the well-meaning but misguided assistance of others? Before all of this may by judged, we must think if this was nothing but fate that brought these two lustful teens to their deaths.Before the facts may be stated, I must first introduce the main people that may have had a powerful effect on Romeo or Juliet. The friends of Romeo, Merutio and Benvolio, are slightly to blame. Benvolio, the peace maker, may have tried to help but most likely he wasn't to blame. Mercutio, the mean prankster, was largely responsible for the death of himself and Tybalt. Mercutio was the main reason for Romeo's anger toward Tybalt. The main person responsible for Romeo's death was most likely Friar Lewernce. He was the person that took these too newly met, lustful children into their marriage. Since the two children were married so soon and at such a young age, this made them very unable to make their own important decisions. This can be proved about Romeo when he was banished he bellowed like a little baby. The nurse had to make young Romeo act like a man just to think about Juliet instead of just himself. The main reason for the Friar's decision to make the two be married is because this may help their families stop fighting. In the end this was proven to be indispensably the motivation for the two kids to kill themselves.Numerous individuals were accountable for the death of Juliet. The main people that were responsible for this happening were the nurse and lady Capulet. The nurse, being a blabbermouth out spoken person, was most responsible for her death. She never acknowledged that maybe Juliet wasn't ready for this immense of a step in her life. The nurse never took any responsibility for her deadly actions for Juliet. In Act two-Scene four the nurse warns Romeo to be true to Juliet.

Stage Directions for Act I Scene iii in The Merchant of Venice :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

Essay Instructions: Choose a speech or dialogue that interests you. You are going to write an essay from the director’s point of view including ‘pointers’ to the actors. Act I - Scene iii (p25-26) Hello actors, as you know, I shall be your director for a part of Act I - Scene iii. This dialogue is played by Shylock and Antonio. I intend to give you both specific stage directions on where you must stand, who you should look at and how you should act. To start with you Antonio, when you pronounce your first line, I would like you to place your hand upon Shylock’s shoulder while you look at him. Your second hand is to be held to the side with your palm facing up as if you were to shrug your shoulders. A slight pause after ‘Shylock’ would sound good with a questioning tone of voice for the rest of the sentence. You need to sound as if you really desire the money from Shylock and that he is your last hope for your best friend’s contentment in the future with his dearest Portia. Shylock should appear hesitant and exasperated as if he was opposed to lending him the money. He must also be thinking about a way in which Antonio could suffer the consequences if the bond isn’t repaid. During the long retort I would like you, Shylock, to add many pauses, more or less long after the commas and other sorts of punctuation marks. From ‘Signior Antonio’ to ‘our tribe’, you should have a calm voice with a minor impression of irritation. You must look at Antonio as you address him but then look away while walking around the stage and looking occasionally at the audience. I require hand gestures such as indicating yourself, rubbing your thumb and middle finger to indicate money, shrugging your shoulders et cetera. For the last line of this section, you are trying to create self-pity hence it would be appropriate if you use a melancholy and moving attitude and soft voice. Shylock, in this next sentence, you should gradually increase the volume and intensity put in the words. You have to accentuate the main words to emphasise his deep anger and hatred Shylock has towards Antonio.

The Burial of My Mother Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about my fa

The phone rang early the morning of July 21, 2013. It was a call from my brother-in-law telling me the news of my mother's death. The news came as no surprise. She was diagnosed with terminal cancer in May of 2013, and her death had been expected. I had been trying to prepare myself for this day ever since I had heard the diagnosis. Once I awoke, I packed and started the journey home from State University, where I had been staying with friends while attending a business seminar. I had spent three years at State University and had made this drive home often. This time, however, everything seemed different. All the trees seemed brighter, more colorful, and more full of life. Maybe when one thing has died, it adds life to something else. Could this be the natural order of things? In just those few moments, I felt my life change. I suddenly realized that I could no longer be a child. Not more than twenty minutes into my drive, I found myself suddenly overcome by reality, and grief became my driving companion. There was a song on the radio that stirred all my emotions into nervous gumbo. I felt everything from anger to happiness, from betrayal to fortunate. As I continued, I started to see my life unfold in front of me in a thousand different ways. This was a pivotal point in my life, and what I did now would affect the rest of my life. Could I even have a life after this? The questions I asked my God and myself that day are too many to count. This was pure emotional trauma, and at the age of twenty-one, I was not ready to handle this life on my own. The drive took me through the home of my youth. As I arrived in McCormick, I saw all the familiar sights. My mind started to drift back to when everything w... ... I hate this tradition. Why would anybody want to throw a party in your honor on the one day they know you cannot make it? I attended just to see what would happen. We ate a lot, and everyone told us how sorry they were. As I looked at them and at us, I realized people really do not handle death well. We as a society need to come up with a better set of rules to follow when it comes to funerals. Years have passed since I watched the burial of my mother. The only physical contact I have now is the occasional trip to the grave site, and the only reason I go is to do ground maintenance. Pulling weeds and placing flowers on the grave is a family duty. Even after you die, it is necessary that you portray a good image, and I feel a responsibility to my mother and her memory. It is still important to me that I live the type of life that would make her proud.

Culture in Kuwait Essay

The State of Kuwait is a sovereign of the United Arab Emirates and considered as one of the Gulf countries. The name ‘Kuwait’ came from the Arabic â€Å"akwat†, the plural of â€Å"kout†, which denotes ‘fortress built near water’. The emirate has the population of 3. 4 million situated in its 20,000 square kilometers geographical area. During the 19th century, Kuwait came under the power of the Ottoman Empire and after the World War I, it became known as an autonomous sheikhdom under the defense of the British Empire. It was in the late 1930s that Kuwait’s large oil fields were discovered. Kuwait has a parliamentary system of government, under a constitutional monarchy with Kuwait City as the center of all political and economic activities. The country is the world’s fifth producer oil reserves and petroleum and petroleum products which account for its almost 95% export revenues, and 80% of government income. Based in per capita Kuwait is the eleventh richest country in the world. In addition, it has the highest human development index (HDI) in the Arab world. World Bank classified Kuwait as a high income economy. It is also designated as a major non-NATO ally of the United States, because of its close recent political and financial ties and affinities with the latter. Majority of the Kuwait’s population are Muslim and practices Islam as their religion, though it has a huge community of Christians, Hindus, Buddhists and Sikhs. Islam means peace, love, and complete submission and obedience to God. Being a Muslin means accepting Islam and living a life in accordance to its teachings as well as setting as an example to other Muslims. Instead of the common greetings of â€Å"good morning† or â€Å"hello†, Muslims greet each other by saying â€Å"Assalamo Alaikum†, which stands for â€Å"May peace be upon you and may God blessings be with you†. It is the mission of every Muslim uttering these words to multiply love and peace anywhere one goes. Muslims pray five (5) times a day and normally clean their bodies before praying. In the analysis using Hofstede’s five model dimensions, religion plays a significant role the lives of its people. High power distance and uncertainty avoidance are evident attributes in this nation just like any other Arab countries. Leaders do not mix themselves into the group and usually issue detailed and particular orders. It follows a caste system and does not allow major upward mobility of its people. In order to reduce the amount of ambiguity, detailed rules, laws, regulations and controls are implemented. Discrimination in terms of influence and affluence has been consented to flourish within the society and is acknowledged by the population as their cultural legacy. Therefore, leaders can easily enforce their leadership and control which usually resorts to uprising to attain democratic change. Masculinity is on the average, evidenced by limited rights of women in Kuwait society, which again could be credited to the Muslim religion rather than its cultural pattern. Individualism is low, which translates into collectivist culture as noticeable in a close-commitment to the member ‘group’ like the family, extended family, or extended relationships. Loyalty is vital in a collectivist society which overrides all other rules. In Kuwait, visitors are expected to be reserved, though does not pertain to clothing especially for foreigners. Regardless of the climate, most of the body must stay covered. For men, it is a requirement to wear a jacket and tie during business conferences. They should also be dressed in long pants and a shirt favorably long-sleeved and fastened up top the collar. There must be noticeable jewels specifically around the neck. Women must also be conservative especially in public. The necklines must be high, at least to the elbows, while hemlines must be ankle-low or below the knee. Pants are not advisable and scarf must be handy especially when going inside a Mosque. Too much appreciation of an item must be avoided, because the host might become compelled to grant said item. Rejection to accept the gift is impolite and rude. Receiving gifts must be done in public. Gifts such as alcohol, perfumes containing alcohol, pork, pigskin products, personal items such as underwear, knives, toy dogs or pictures of dog and image of nude or partially nude women should no be given to anyone in Kuwait. When going inside buildings it is proper to remove ones shoes. Muslims do not eat pork and drink alcohol. Grasping each other’s right hand putting the left on the other’s right shoulder and exchanging kisses on each cheek is the traditional greetings between men. Men may shake hands with women, but the latter must wait for the first to offer his hand. The left hand is regarded as dirty and must be set aside for personal hygiene.

Modern: Technology and Social Networking Essay

â€Å"It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity.† – Albert Einstein  © 3.1. INTRODUCTION How are we to obtain the measure of the distance between basic research and the essential technologies of the modern age? Are we in the process of building the bridge that will unite the two domains or is the gulf between them growing wider by the day? Reconciling the interested parties in any definitive way remains difficult as each side can furnish multiple examples to support their perspective on the matter. Perhaps the best illumination can be provided through a retrospective approach that highlights numerous pertinent discoveries and in doing so clear up some of the fog that surrounds the debate. 3.2. BACKGROUND CONDITIONS Modern Technologies have made us complete slaves to machines. There is no work which cannot be done without the assistance of machines and there is not a single area of human activity where machines don’t have to be used. No one can deny the fact that gadgets have not only simplified our lives but also made them more comfortable and luxurious. But on the contrary man’s dependence on them has increased so much that we just cannot do without them at all. If cabs go off the road we cannot reach our destinations. No cooking without LPG cylinder or cooking flame. No, we can’t do even simple calculations, what to talk of washing without washing machine or electricity. If electricity fails, life for each one of us comes to a standstill as all gadgets are operated with it be it AC, TV, computer, a telephone, or any other modern appliance. Perhaps there were times when every work was done with hands be it grinding or travelling far off places. People were tough who could walk for miles and work ceaselessly. In modern times we can’t ascend the stairs without feeling a burden over our stamina. Modern gadgets have completely transformed the human life and health to a great extent. It a fact that machines have become like servants without which life comes to a standstill. Thus we can say that our dependence on modern gadgets has made us complete slaves to machines and that we have lost our spirit to work and vitality, vigor and stamina and therefore no more good health and cheerfulness and endurance prevails. This dependence on machines has transformed the very human psychology. â€Å"All the biggest technological inventions created by man-the airplane, the automobile, the computer- says little with his intelligence, but speaks volume about his laziness† A warm greetings of peace and love ladies and gentlemen We have come to an era where everything inconceivable for the past 50 years has been made possible and actual. Once a dream, now a commodity. Once a prospect, now outdated. Once a thing of imagination, now an item of sensation. We can say that everything, I mean, everything, is now made available and accessible. Modernization takes a great part in the life of people. Effects that these products brought affects every aspect of human life. The effects of these technologies can be bothh positive and negative. Technologies are designed to make man’s life more easier. Technology makes communication more faster and easier. With the modern and improved equipments in our hospitals and other medical facilities, it saves more innocent lives. Transportation is also improved and more faster. Modern technologies are also used for security purposes. Crimes and other cases are easily solved with the help of these gadgets. But did we ever think that it could also destroy and degrades our very own life? Benfits also has its price, while it makes our lives and works easier to deal with, it can also have disturbing impacts to our lives. While some technologies are used in security purposes, some are also used to destroy security and peacefulness in the society. Let’s talk about social networking now. Social networking is rampant these days. I am too have my own facebook account. Social networking helps communication more fasters, but are we aware of news regarding social networking? Man use social networkings to find prospective victims of their selfish desires. I had read news about these in the web. Security of users are not assured and privacy is being invaded. Women are more prone to this kind of schemes. Man is the only living specie with boundless needs, but thankfully, with immeasurable capacity to invent things and satisfy his insatiability. Technology accommodates every human and inhuman want – pampers every fancy of human fiber. Look around. People manipulate the environment to achieve practical goals – goals that respond to their physiological drive. Technology is always about satisfaction, gratification and indulgence; technology is about excess, as in excessive entertainment of human needs. While new technology can provide advances for humanity, it can also have disturbing impacts. Our youth is the most vulnerable to any unfavorable bearing technology may bring. With the flood of modern equipment, gadgets and devices, we are deprived of the basics and fundamentals and essentials of things; we are estranged by sound judgment to determine what is right or wrong, what is appropriate or not, what is effective and not so. With the advent of PlayStation and the likes, who would prefer to gather around grandmother’s cradle and listen to her old-age stories? Who would have the thought of grabbing a book and have the religious habit of reading when internet is inviting? Who would flip pages of encyclopedia if they can just surf at Wikipedia and other educational portals? Gone are the days for serenades – cellular phones radically take over the courtship activity; say goodbye to airmail – electronic mails revolutionize the mailing system.

How Life Gets Better While People Feel the Same

I’m pretty sure all of us are familiar with the cliche, â€Å"money can’t buy happiness. † In Gregg Easterbrook book The Progress Paradox he tries to understand why a small variances of this cliche is so. The paradox that underlies Easterbrook’s venture is that through out the last fifty years, things have improved in the United States and Europe, by all objective standards. All though during same time, surveys of happiness and satisfaction have not changed since the fifties.Easterbrook’s main question through out the book asking has the objective measures of the well being of man kind increased while overall satisfaction of people and happiness have remained constant? In the three beginning chapters of this book Easterbrook spends a lot of time looking at surveys depicting the various objective measures that show a pretty much steady increase of progress. I found these chapters entertaining to read because it brings to light a huge range of facts a nd statistics that add support to his idea that things are constantly improving.Easterbrook goes on about how the crime rate is falling, the state of the environment is improving, we are gaining intelligence, equality is increasing and economic situations have improved. Crime, both violent and property have been in decline for 20 years. Current crime rates are probably the lowest in the history of the country. The environment has been improving in every area except green house gases. We have the cleanest air since the beginning of the industrial revolution and the cleanest water since Man was a hunter and gatherer. n the statistics discussed, Easterbrook references a 1996 poll that resulted in 52% of the respondents saying the United States was worse now than when their parents were growing up and 60% said they expected their children to live in an even worse country. Only 15% of the respondents believed that overall national conditions were improving (Easterbrook, 2004). In 1997, 6 6% of Americans reported that they believed â€Å"the lot of the average person is getting worse† (Easterbrook, 2004). Easterbrook raises the question â€Å"How is this possible† with the dramatic increase in overall general progress.Along with discussing the statistics of the many surveys, Easterbrook also gives the reader possible reasons for the so-called paradox. One of the possible reasons he gives is â€Å"choice anxiety. † When looking back on the past a lot of people had very few options due to limited income and limited availability of goods and services. But Easterbrook fights that there is flip side to the stress that comes from having to many options, just like not having enough options can be stressful as well.With the constant increase in the range of goods and services available even the easiest choices can become stressful. Easterbrook states this because a consumer can never really be sure if they are making the correct decision causing stress a nd unhappiness. Another possible reason Easterbrook gives is â€Å"Abundance denial. † This means that no matter how much individuals actually have materially, they will never view them as being â€Å"well-off†, which is constantly making people unhappy and stress out. Easterbrook states that a most Americans think of only the rich as being â€Å"well-off. This brings me to my favorite statistic my favorite statistic: there have been around sixty billion people who ever lived, the 600 million who live in western democracies such as Europe, North America, Japan and Australia live better than anyone else in history (better housing, medical care, nutrition etc. )(Easterbrook, 2004). Since my standard of living is considered about average that means that I live better than 99. 5% of people who have ever lived. We are the one percenters, as far as the history of the world goes. Our current one percenters live better than 99. 9% of people, ever. One more possible reason is â€Å"collapse anxiety,† the widespread fear that the prosperity of the United States and Europe may come to an end due to an economic crash, environmental problems, terrorism or some other catastrophe. Even though individuals are better off that constant notion that it is unmanageable leads to people being unhappy and unsatisfied. It’s hard for people to sit back and really appreciate things when they are in constant fear that it could someday end. Lastly he considers â€Å"the revolution of satisfied expectations† as a possible explanation.He refers this to as the uneasiness that follows items that an individual once dreamed of having. Easterbrook states that during the last century western life has been categorized by ever increasing expectations, with each generation expecting to have more than the previous generation. In today’s day and age we have reached a point where people have most of what they need. What Easterbrook is trying to say with this e xplanation is that it is hard to imagine things getting any better than they already are kind of giving individuals nothing to look forward to.After reading this book I had some general issues. First off is the issue of happiness. The beginning of the book deals with objective measures over time that forms a steady increase in progress. To form the paradox the objective facts were compared to the subjective measures of happiness. Of course Easterbrook states that the surveys are not exactly perfect he claims that they â€Å"illuminating nonetheless† (Easterbrook, 2004). However I think this is questionable. The perception of happiness is not constant among individuals at one point in time, let alone over several decades.Each person could have a completely different outlook on happiness. What can be happiness for one person could be sadness or another feeling for someone else. With each person entitled to their own subjective view on what they consider to be happiness, they ar e also entitled to have a subjective perception of what others experienced in the past and what others will experience in the future. So when surveyors asked respondents if they thought their parents would better off or if their children will be better off, it’s not an objective measure but a subjective perception of the past and future.It doesn’t seem clear why we In short, it is not clear why we would assume the level of subjective satisfaction to increase with objective well-being. I feel like Easterbrook was trying to say that in the past it seemed like things were always getting better but now in the future since things are improving so quickly it doesn’t seem like we could continue to progress in the future. It is unclear why people should think that progress couldn’t continue and, therefore, have lower expectations for the future. This question is left unanswered.If you asked, most people would agree that money and material things are not the meani ng of happiness. With this, why would we expect to see a connection between an increase in progress and an increase in happiness? It isn’t clear that the claim has ever been that prosperity and progress will lead to the end of all stress and uneasiness. In the end there are two traits that correlate closely with happiness: forgiveness and gratitude. Forgive those that have done you wrong and be grateful for what you have. †¢Easterbrook, Greg. The Progress Paradox: How Life Gets Better While People Feels Worse. Random House Publishing Group, 2004. eBook.

Report on the Analysis of Ineffective Communication in the Workplace Essay

This report will analyse and examine issues of interpersonal behaviour in the workplace. It will describe a scenario observed concerning communication and will include an analysis of the problems that occurred. A conclusion will be made which will lead to recommendations to prevent this situation from recurring. 2. 0 The scenario The main conflict in this scenario transpired between persons B and C (see appendix 1) on the shop floor of B & Q. Person B had previously spoken rudely about person C to person D. Persons D and C are good friends, therefore person D informed C about the incident. Person C then discussed the issue with Person A who had a one-to-one meeting with person B. The outcome of the meeting was that Person B should have an informal meeting with person C to resolve the issue. However, person B avoided holding this meeting and instead chose to speak to person C on the shop floor in the presence of customers. (See appendix 2 for the transcript of the scenario). 3. 0 Transactional Analysis and Effective Communication Transactional Analysis assists when evaluating this situation as the model is a popular way of explaining the dynamics of interpersonal communication. It was developed by Eric Berne in 1949 and has two fundamental assumptions; all the events and feelings people experience are stored within them and can be replayed, and that personality is made up of three ego states that manifest themselves in gesture, tone of voice and actions. The child ego state is described as the ‘feelings state’ and involves people behaving as they did when they were a child. This includes three sub-states which are the ‘free or natural child’, the ‘little professor’ and the ‘rebellious child’. The free or natural child state focuses on genuine feelings, acting on impulse and letting others know how we feel. The little professor state is creative, questioning and experimental. As the name suggests, the rebellious child state invokes rebellion, frustration and withdrawal. The adult ego state involves behaviour that concerns thought processes and can be defined as ‘the thoughtful’ state. This state focuses on data collection, reality testing and objectiveness. The parent state is described as the ‘taught’ state and consists of two sub-states; the nurturing and the critical parent. In this state, people take responsibility and tend to behave in ways learnt from parental figures. The nurturing parent state involves caring for other people, whereas in the critical or controlling parent state people have a tendency to lay down rules and boundaries and insist on their own method of getting the job done. Exclusions of ego states occur when someone is permanently using one ego state and cuts off the others (see appendix 7). There are three types of transactions in communication; complementary, crossed and ulterior (see appendix 3). When both parties’ ego states match, this is a complementary transaction and communication can continue. Crossed transactions occur when one party addresses a different ego state to the one the other party is currently in. The communication in crossed transactions disintegrates and can result in bad feelings. Ulterior transactions involve a crossed transaction on a psychological level, however on the surface the ego states seem to match leading to people playing games with one another. Strokes are units of recognition and are given and received via the five senses. Positive strokes are life and growth encouraging, whereas negative strokes are the opposite and cause the recipient to feel dejected. Transactional analysis assumes that our characteristic ways of feeling and behaving derive from the way we feel about ourselves in relation to other people. These are referred to as the four life positions and consist of â€Å"I’m not OK, You’re OK†, â€Å"I’m not OK, You’re not OK†, â€Å"I’m OK, You’re not OK† and â€Å"I’m OK, You’re OK† (see appendix 4). Body language is another method used to communicate and can assist when deciphering an underlying message that someone is trying to purvey. According to Pivcevic, â€Å"it is commonly agreed that 80 per cent of communication is non-verbal† (Mullins, L. J, 2010, pp 235). Effective communication is achieved by attending, reflecting and following (see appendix 5). This benefits both the listener and the speaker as it aids the listener in thoroughly understanding what the speaker is saying. Attending is non-verbal communication that signifies someone is paying careful attention to the person talking. Attending includes body posture, gestures, eye contact and an environment free of distractions. Following skills require the listener to offer openers and encouragements. Openers are non-coercive invitations for the speaker to talk and include judgemental, reassuring and advice statements. Opening questions and silence can be used as they encourage and concentrate on the concerns of the speaker rather than the listener. Reflecting skills avoid both speaker and listener problems. Words are perceived differently to people and listeners can often become distracted. Reflective responses are non-judgmental and help the listener to grasp the feelings of the speaker. Guirdham’s cycle of perception and behaviour can also aid in analysing communication as perceptions can alter the way in which we behave, thus having an effect on communication (see appendix 8). 4. 0 Analysis of the scenario By applying the Transactional analysis model, it is evident that when person B approached C, she was speaking from her critical parent ego state. This state is condescending and admonishing and can cause the addressee to feel discouraged. When replying, person C speaks from her adult ego state which is objective and rational, presenting a crossed transaction as B was addressing a different ego state to that of which C is currently in (see appendix 3). Person B should have shifted to an adult ego state to ensure that the states matched, amending it to a complementary transaction. However, B replies she has no time denoting that she is speaking from her critical parent ego state and sending out negative strokes. Her abrupt and loud tone insinuates she is defensive and angry. Her body language also gives an implication of her underlying message as she is walking away from the situation with her arms crossed, suggesting she is uninterested. Person C is rational and relaxed with her body language, making constant eye contact and positioning herself closely to person B, signifying she is listening intently. C’s ego state shifts to a rebellious child state when B’s body language and attitude is perceived as rude, abrupt and unconcerned. This subliminal communication causes an argument to break out and C begins to speak vociferously. The clenching of her fists and words spoken infer this shift in ego state. A change in behaviour occurs due to C’s perceptions of B’s behaviour (see appendix 8). Person A then interrupts the conversation and speaks from a nurturing parent ego state; this is presumed as he interjects with a question, â€Å"are you okay guys? † He places a hand on person C’s shoulder, signalling a display of power over her. At this point, person B begins to fiddle with her pen, suggesting a transition out of her comfort zone and showing she is uncomfortable in the situation. By this point, person C is very distressed and is deep in a rebellious child ego state. Her body language conveys feelings of anger and frustration as she is frantically waving her arms. Person B is reluctant to apologise or be sympathetic throughout the incident, indicating her ego state has not changed. This implies that she is currently in an arrogant life position as she feels she is not in the wrong (see appendix 4). She walks away, with her arms crossed expressing hostility and disregard to the situation. Person C reverts back to an adult ego state towards the end of the conversation and realises that she needs to calm down and clear her head. She also displays anxiety as she begins to bite her lip. Person A has maintained a nurturing parent ego state throughout as he is caring and tries to control and pacify the situation. 5. 0 Conclusion In conclusion, person B has inadequate communication skills. The crossed transaction, exclusion of other ego states and current life position (see appendix 4) of person B combine together to make her appear arrogant and uninterested, leading to conflict between the two parties. Attending, following and reflecting skills (see appendix 5) should have been applied to the conversation on B’s part to ensure effective communication took place. Person B’s disregard to instructions given to her by A could be due to the age gap between the two. According to Hart (Mullins, L. J, 2010, pp 101), age gaps can lead to conflict in the workplace as there is a dispute between age and experience. 6. 0 Recommendations To avoid this situation recurring, person B should receive training on interpersonal skills (see appendix 6), attending, following and listening (see appendix 5), enabling her to understand her own behaviour, other points of view and improve communication skills. Person A should hold an informal, one-to-one meeting with B and discuss possible outcomes of the meeting, such as training. Person A should identify whether B is in a constant ‘arrogant or cosmetic’ life position as she could have been having a bad day when the argument broke out. If it is found that her constant life position is ‘I’m OK, you’re not OK’ then an attempt should be made to modify this as it has a negative effect on communication. Person A should ensure this is carried out in a conscientious manner to prevent another conflicting situation from occurring. Person A should avoid singling out B as this could demotivate her from joining work shop training, so should offer the opportunity to every employee. This informal, fun atmosphere may help to improve person B’s opinions of others and alter her current life position. Another method of altering person B’s life position is to offer counselling but should be suggested at a later date if workshops fail.

Grammatical Development in L2 Learners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Grammatical Development in L2 Learners - Essay Example Grammatical knowledge, or as some label it linguistic knowledge, entails the ability to produce certain sounds that have certain meanings and to understand the sounds made by others. Also, a further widely accepted definition of grammatical knowledge is the subconscious internalized knowledge of language structure and rules that help learners generate communicative utterances, momentarily analyze and comprehend received ones, and respond appropriately (Gass & Selinker, 1994). In other words, it's the ability to produce and comprehend proper communicative utterances in conversations. Chomsky argued that children learn language not by habit formation but by acquisition a set of rules or grammar. This grammar will have a finite number of rules, but will be capable of generating an infinite number of well-formed sentences. Most of these sentences are new to our experience. This linguistic knowledge must have a generative capacity. In other words, children do not learn and reproduce a large set of sentences, but they routinely create new sentences that they have never learnt before. This is only possible because they internalize rules rather than strings of words; extremely common examples of utterances, such as "it breaked" or "mummy goed" Show clearly that children are not copying the language around them but applying rules. The task of the linguist, he claimed, is to describe this universal human ability, known as language competence, with a grammar from which the grammars of all languages could be derived. The linguist would develop this grammar by looking at th e rules children use in hearing and speaking their first language. He termed the resulting model, or grammar, a transformational-generative grammar, referring to the transformations that generate language. (Chomsky, N. (1986) When language use is considered as communication, the concepts of input, comprehensible input, and comprehensible output are appropriate metaphors because they call for images of messages (Swain & Lapkin, 1998). Corder, in (1976) made an important distinction between what is available to the learner to learn (input) and what has become part of his/her procedural knowledge (intake). What is available to the learner to learn does not count as part of his/her grammatical knowledge until it is integrated in the learner's current inter-language system. Thus, it's not enough to know about rules, lexemes, and sounds, but rather to be ready to use them whenever the learner is engaged in actual speech events. Furthermore, Sorace (1993a, 1993b, and Brad, Roebrtson, & Sorace, 1996), argued that there are two kinds of changes which occur learner's grammars: discontinuous and continuous. What Sorace interpreted from looking at data from learners of Italian was a differentiation in terms of input use with regard to auxiliary selection. She claims that it is possible for the input, or what she calls the evidence available to the learner, to have a varying effect depending on the part of grammar to be affected - more so for lexical semantics and les so for syntax. Some grammatical structures can be learned explicitly while others may only be taught implicitly through interaction because even if they can be logically justified, they are still not used by him/her